Did you know that 93% of Americans have BPA in their bodies?1 Similarly, the European Environment Agency found that 92% of adults in 11 European countries also have detectable levels of BPA2. It’s a staggering statistic and one of the reasons I’ve spent time researching how to avoid it.
BPA (bisphenol A) has been a concern for years due to its potential health risks, leading many brands to slap on “BPA-free” product labels. But does that mean the plastic is safe? And what about products without a label? How can you tell if they contain BPA?
What Is BPA-Free?
A BPA-free label means a product was made without using BPA, a chemical commonly found in plastics and resins. This labeling became more widespread as concerns grew over BPA’s ability to mimic hormones in the body3, potentially leading to health risks.
But here’s the catch: BPA-free doesn’t always mean risk-free. Many manufacturers have replaced BPA with similar chemicals, such as BPS (Bisphenol S) or BPF (Bisphenol F), which may have their own health concerns. So, while avoiding BPA is a good step, a BPA-free label isn’t necessarily a guarantee that the product is entirely safe.
What Does BPA Mean?
BPA stands for Bisphenol A, a chemical compound first synthesized in the late 1800s and later used to make plastics stronger, lighter, and heat-resistant. It belongs to a family of chemicals called bisphenols and is widely used in a variety of products, including food containers, water bottles, and even receipt paper.
A Brief History: How BPA Took Over Our Plastics
BPA was first synthesized in 1891, but it gained popularity in the 1950s when manufacturers discovered it could produce rigid, lightweight plastics. Suddenly, it was everywhere: food storage containers, baby bottles, canned goods, and even receipts. For years, no one gave it much thought. Then, research started rolling in, raising concerns about its potential health effects.
Where Is BPA Still Hiding?
Although BPA-free options are becoming more common, BPA is still sneaking into many everyday products. Here’s where you might still find it lurking:
- Older plastic water bottles and food containers: If you’re still holding on to plastic bottles from the past or using older containers, there’s a chance they may contain BPA.
- The lining of canned foods and drinks: Those metal cans holding your favorite soup or soda could still have a BPA-based lining. This coating is often used to prevent the can from corroding, but unfortunately, it could mean BPA is in your food or drink.
- Thermal paper receipts: Those glossy, shiny receipts you get after shopping? They often contain BPA, which can transfer to your hands and be absorbed through your skin.
While BPA is being phased out slowly, it’s still present in some unexpected places. Being aware of where it’s hiding can help you make safer choices.
Is BPA-Free Plastic Safe?
Just because something is labeled BPA-free doesn’t automatically mean it’s a safer choice. While removing BPA from plastics was a step in the right direction, many manufacturers have replaced it with similar chemicals, some of which may be just as problematic (or worse). So, is BPA-free plastic truly safe, or is it just a marketing buzzword?
The Problem with BPA Substitutes
When BPA started making headlines for its hormone-disrupting effects, companies scrambled to find alternatives. Enter BPS (Bisphenol S), BPF (Bisphenol F), and other bisphenol compounds designed to mimic BPA’s durability and heat resistance while avoiding bad PR. The catch? Many of these substitutes have been found to behave similarly in the body, potentially disrupting hormones, metabolism, and even brain function. Some key concerns about BPA-free alternatives:
- BPS and BPF are nearly as hormonally active as BPA, which may still interfere with the endocrine system.4
- Limited long-term research Since these substitutes are relatively new, their long-term effects are not yet fully understood.
- Studies have shown that bisphenol-free plastics can still release chemicals, particularly when exposed to heat, sunlight, or acidic foods.4
Does BPA-Free Plastic Release Harmful Chemicals?
Yes, and heat plays a significant role. Studies have shown that plastic, whether BPA-free or not, can degrade over time and leach chemicals into food and beverages. The risks increase when:
- Plastic is exposed to heat (microwaving, dishwashing, or leaving a water bottle in a hot car).
- The plastic is scratched or worn, and tiny cracks can release more chemicals.
- Fatty or acidic foods interact with the plastic, pulling chemicals into your food.
Safer Alternatives to Plastic
While BPA-free plastic may seem like a better choice, it often contains substitute chemicals like BPS or BPF, which may carry similar health risks. The most reliable way to reduce exposure to harmful substances and limit environmental impact is to reduce plastic use altogether. Safer, more sustainable materials include:
- Glass – Non-toxic, non-reactive, and free from harmful chemicals. It won’t absorb flavors or odors, and it’s dishwasher-safe. Great for reheating food in the microwave, as it handles heat well and doesn’t degrade over time, keeping it safe from drops.
- Stainless Steel – Durable, long-lasting, and great for food storage, water bottles, and cookware. It’s resistant to rust and chemical leaching; however, some containers may have plastic lids or linings, so it’s worth checking before purchase.
- Silicone – A flexible, lightweight option for lids, baking mats, and food storage. It’s heat-resistant and reusable, although some concerns remain about its safety at extremely high temperatures or over prolonged use. Look for food-grade, platinum-cured silicone for the safest option.
- Ceramic – Another plastic-free choice that’s ideal for reheating and storing food. It’s naturally non-toxic and doesn’t leach harmful substances, though it can be heavy and prone to chipping.
Choosing safer materials not only helps protect your health but also reduces the amount of plastic waste generated in your home.
Related Article: The Truth About Plastic: Why Plastic-Free Living Matters
safe plastic use
Tips to Reduce Chemical Exposure
Even BPA-free plastics can release chemicals, especially when misused. Here are the most important safety practices:
- Avoid Heat: Never microwave plastic containers or leave them in hot cars. Heat causes plastic to break down and release more chemicals into food and drinks.
- Watch for Wear: Replace scratched, cloudy, or cracked containers immediately. Damaged plastic leaches significantly more chemicals.
- Smart Storage: Use glass or stainless steel containers for acidic foods (such as tomatoes and citrus) and fatty foods (like oils and butter). These can pull chemicals from plastic.
- Choose Safer Codes: When you must use plastic, stick to recycling codes 1, 2, 4, and 5. Avoid codes 3 and 7.
- Hand Wash Only: Skip the dishwasher unless the container is specifically labeled dishwasher-safe. Hot water and harsh detergents accelerate chemical breakdown.
Is BPA-Free More Expensive?
In most cases, yes, BPA-free alternatives tend to cost more than their BPA-containing counterparts. For example, glass and stainless steel products often come with a higher upfront price tag, but they also tend to last longer. Conversely, safer plastics like polypropylene or Tritan™ can be pricier than regular polycarbonate plastic but offer a middle ground for those who still want lightweight, durable options.
Choosing BPA-free products is a step in the right direction, but avoiding plastic altogether is the best option when it comes to both health and sustainability. If you’re investing in reusable containers, prioritizing materials like glass and stainless steel can be worthwhile not just for your health but also for the planet.
Related Article: What Is Tritan Material? A Clearer Look at This Popular Plastic
How to Identify BPA-Free Products
With so many products claiming to be “BPA-free,” how do you know which ones actually are and which ones might just be using clever marketing? Here’s how to navigate labels, symbols, and certifications to make informed choices.
Step 1: Read the Label (But Don’t Stop There)
Many products will have a clear BPA-free label, which is a good start. However, since BPA alternatives like BPS and BPF aren’t always disclosed, it’s worth digging deeper.
Step 2: Check the Plastic Recycling Code
Flip the product over and look for the small number inside the recycling triangle. This indicates the type of plastic it’s made from.
Understanding Plastic Recycling Codes
The small number inside the triangle on plastic containers is the plastic resin identification code, a numbering system ranging from 1 to 7 that indicates the type of plastic resin used to make the product. This recycling symbol system helps determine not just recyclability but also the likelihood of BPA presence.
Each plastic code represents a different chemical composition, which directly affects whether BPA is used in manufacturing:
BPA-Free Plastics:
- Code 1 (PET/PETE): Single-use water and soda bottles. The manufacturing process doesn’t require BPA, making these naturally BPA-free.
- Code 2 (HDPE): Milk jugs and detergent bottles. High-density polyethylene is chemically stable, eliminating the need for BPA additives.
- Code 4 (LDPE): Flexible plastics like bread bags and squeezable bottles. Low-density polyethylene doesn’t use BPA in production.
- Code 5 (PP): Food containers and bottle caps. Polypropylene’s molecular structure makes BPA unnecessary for durability.
BPA Risk Plastics:
- Code 3 (PVC): Food wraps and some bottles. Polyvinyl chloride may contain BPA along with phthalates as plasticizers.
- Code 6 (PS): Foam takeout containers and disposable cups. Polystyrene typically doesn’t contain BPA but uses styrene, another concerning chemical.
- Code 7 (Other): The catch-all category encompasses polycarbonate plastics, the primary source of BPA in consumer products. Transparent, hard plastics in this category are most likely to contain BPA.
Related Article: How to Recycle: A Simple Guide to Recycling Correctly
The Polycarbonate Problem
Code 7 plastics are your biggest concern because they often include polycarbonate, those transparent, hard plastics commonly used in older water bottles and baby bottles. Polycarbonate is the primary source of BPA in everyday items and leaches more chemicals when heated, scratched, or exposed to acidic foods.
quick tip
Can’t Find the Code
If you can’t find the recycling code, feel around the bottom of the container. It’s often embossed rather than printed.
Step 3: Look for Trusted Certifications
Some third-party certifications confirm that a product has been tested and meets strict safety standards. Here are a few to look for:
- OEKO-TEX® Standard 100 is a globally recognized certification for textiles that ensures they are free from harmful substances, including BPA. Products bearing this certification have undergone testing for a wide range of chemicals, ensuring they meet stringent safety standards for human health.
- NSF certification is a trusted standard for product safety and quality, particularly for items related to food and water. This certification ensures that products meet stringent public health guidelines and have been tested for the presence of harmful substances, including BPA.
- MADE SAFE® Certified is a comprehensive, third-party certification that ensures products are made without toxic chemicals known to harm human health or the environment. Unlike some certifications that focus on a specific category, MADE SAFE® applies to a wide range of everyday products, including personal care items, household goods, baby products, and even bedding.
Step 4: Watch Out for Greenwashing
Just because a product says “BPA-free” doesn’t mean it’s completely free from harmful chemicals. Companies sometimes replace BPA with similar bisphenols (like BPS or BPF) without disclosing it. Marketing phrases like “safe plastic” or “eco-friendly” can be vague. Look for specific material listings, such as Tritan, polypropylene, glass, or stainless steel, for a safer bet.
Step 5: Choose Brands with Transparent Materials
Some brands go the extra mile to disclose exactly what’s in their products. While it’s always good to double-check, here are a few that have built a reputation for safer materials:
- Water Bottles & Food Storage: Klean Kanteen, Hydro Flask, Life Without Plastic, Pyrex, Stasher Bags
- Baby Products: Green Sprouts, Hevea, Pura Stainless, Lifefactory
- Kitchenware: Caraway, Our Place, Xtrema, Anchor Hocking
- Reusable Utensils & Straws: Bambu, Klean Kanteen, Simply Straws
This Has Been About How to Tell if Plastic Is BPA-Free
Ultimately, BPA-free plastic isn’t the perfect solution. While it’s better than BPA-filled plastic, many alternative chemicals have their concerns, and plastic, in general, still poses risks to both our health and the environment.
The best way to avoid uncertainty is to choose non-plastic options whenever possible. Glass, stainless steel, ceramic, and high-quality silicone are all safer and more durable choices, free from hidden chemical concerns. Plus, they last longer and don’t contribute to the endless cycle of plastic waste.
So, while reading labels and choosing “less harmful” plastics can help in the short term, the real solution is moving toward a plastic-free lifestyle. When it comes to our health and the planet, opting for plastic-free choices is always the smartest choice.
View Article Sources
- Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L.-Y., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2008). Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10753 ↩︎
- European Environment Agency. (2023, April 5). Public exposure to bisphenol A above health safety levels. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/newsroom/editorial/public-exposure-to-bisphenol-a ↩︎
- Wang, Y., Li, J., & Liu, C. (2021). Microplastics in the environment: Sources, fate, and toxicity. Science of The Total Environment, 791, 148383. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148383]
- Gauthier, J. M., Brody, J. G., & Rudel, R. A. (2014). Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(8), 1-8. [https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408989]
